 According to Bronkhorst, not physical and mental activities as such were seen as responsible for rebirth, but intentions and desire.According to Bronkhorst, referring to Frauwallner, Schmithausen and Bhattacharya,
According to Eviatar Shulman, the doctrine of the four noble truths is rooted in "a meditative perception
regarding the arising and passing away of mental events" which also includes a "detached attitude" to phenomena.Out of this practice of "meditative observation" developed a theoretical or discursive philosophical understanding.