 A rich literature in German summarised by Thienemann (1954) developed many aspects of phytotelm biology.Reviews of the subject by Kitching (1971) and Maguire (1971) introduced the concept of phytotelmata to English-speaking readers.A multi-authored book edited by Frank and Lounibos (1983) dealt in 11 chapters with classification of phytotelmata, and with phytotelmata provided by bamboo internodes, banana leaf axils, bromeliad leaf axils, "Nepenthes" pitchers, "Sarracenia" pitchers, tree holes, and "Heliconia" flower bracts.