 Because of the extremely tight timing constraints and the fact that a distance bounding protocol requires that the prover apply an appropriate function to the challenge sent by the verifier, it is not trivial to implement distance bounding in actual physical hardware.Conventional radios have processing times that are orders of magnitudes too big, even if the function applied is a simple XOR.In 2010, Rasmussen and Capkun devised a way for the prover to apply a function using pure analog components.