 Japanese fan practices in the mid to late 2000s included the concept of the feeling of "moe", which was typically used by male otaku about young female characters prior to this.Robin Brenner and Snow Wildsmith noted in their survey of American fans that gay and bisexual male fans of yaoi preferred more realistic tales than female fans did.Shihomi Sakakibara (1998) argued that yaoi fans, including himself, were homosexually oriented female-to-male transsexuals.