 In a 2004 article in the Bulletin of the History of Medicine, Brown University historian Jacob M. Appel documented extensive political debate over legislation to legalize physician-assisted suicide in both Iowa and Ohio in 1906.The driving force behind this movement was social activist Anna S. Hall.Canadian historian Ian Dowbiggen's 2003 book, "A Merciful End", revealed the role that leading public figures, including Clarence Darrow and Jack London, played in advocating for the legalization of euthanasia.