 In Henry's early formulation of the hierarchy, data was simply defined as "merely raw facts"., while two recent texts define data as "chunks of facts about the state of the world" and "material facts", respectively.Cleveland does not include an explicit data tier, but defines information as "the sum total of...facts and ideas".Insofar as facts have as a fundamental property that they are true, have objective reality, or otherwise can be verified, such definitions would preclude false, meaningless, and nonsensical data from the DIKW model, such that the principle of garbage in, garbage out would not be accounted for under DIKW.