 Where "universal data", for Zins, are "the product of "observation"" (italics in original), subjective data are the observations.This distinction is often obscured in definitions of data in terms of "facts".Rowley, following her study of DIKW definitions given in textbooks, characterizes data "as being discrete, objective facts or observations, which are unorganized and unprocessed and therefore have no meaning or value because of lack of context and interpretation."