 It is unclear what his exact capacity was.Earlier publications and accounts by Tadeusz Bednarczyk, Henryk Iwański and Kałmen Mendelson assert, that Paweł Frenkel was one of the deputies of JMU's commander Dawid Moryc Apfelbaum.However, other accounts, including those by Dawid Wdowiński and Cezary Szemley suggest, that Frenkiel was indeed the leader of the entire organisation.