 Introduced pests, such as mosquitoes, rats, and feral ungulates directly and indirectly affect the parrotbill's survival.Mosquitoes spread avian malaria, which the parrotbill is susceptible to, rats prey upon the birds' eggs and young, and feral pigs uproot the low-lying vegetation that the parrotbill forages in.Pigs additionally create wallows, which serve as breeding grounds for avian malaria-infected mosquitoes.