 Interestingly, a paper released in 2018 has described a successful plastid transformation of the chloroplast from the microalgae species "N. oceanica" and "C. reinhardtii" through electroporation.Whilst no study has been attempted yet for plastid transformation of higher plants using electroporation, this could be an interesting area of study for the future.In order to persist and be stably maintained in the cell, a plasmid DNA molecule must contain an origin of replication, which allows it to be replicated in the cell independently of the chromosome.