 By July 1945, these actions had largely been completed.The key articles for the future governance of Germany were therefore Article 11, which provided for the arrest and trial by the Allies of Nazi leaders and other suspected war criminals; and Article 13, which provided almost unrestricted authority to the Allied Powers to direct German civil, economic and legal structures in the zones under their control.This latter article was extensively applied to effect the de-Nazification of public institutions and economic enterprises at all levels of German society, to extract reparations; and also in the Soviet zone to effect a major programme of land reform, redistributing expropriated rural land from large pre-war landed estates to the ownership of surviving tenant occupiers and expellee farmers from former eastern parts of Germany.