 These developments include Q-in-Q (802.1ad), PBB (802.1ah), PBT (Provider Backbone Transport), and PBB-TE (Provider Backbone Bridge Traffic Engineering), which bring a set of features to traditional Ethernet to make it “carrier-grade”, adding to it high-availability, OA&M, and more.While attempting to retain the core features that made Ethernet attractive in the first place, these technologies do not address other inefficiencies that could limit their use in the long term.This is especially true when considering the expected significant growth of multipoint network applications – IPTV, Private LANs, gaming, and others.