 However, the pathogenicity of "M. perstans" infection has been recently reconsidered in various studies.These studies have demonstrated that "M. perstans" has the ability to induce a variety of clinical features, including angioedema Calabar-like swellings, pruritus, fever, headache, eosinophilia, and abdominal pain.The overall disability among populations in regions where filariae are endemic has been difficult to determine because of high rates of coinfection with other filariae and the nonspecificity of "M. perstan" infections.