 Furthermore, treatment of "M. perstans" is challenging because the most antifilarial drugs, such as ivermectin, diethylcarbamazine, and albendazole are not effective.The optimal treatment for "M. perstans" infection remains unclear.Most current studies are focused on coinfection of "M. perstans" with other filarial parasites, and the study of "Wolbachia" bacteria as endosymbionts in "M. perstans" and other filarial parasites.