 The wings of most species have a pattern of light and dark marks.While certain species of "Culicoides", such as "C. austeni" and "C. grahamii" have been hypothesized to play a larger role than other species in the transmission of "M. perstans", very few studies have attempted to identify the species of vectors of "M. perstans" in endemic areas.This issue is further complicated because the taxonomy of tropical "Culicoides" species is still uncertain.