 J. Depoin in "Grand Figures Monacales Du Temps Merovingiens.St Arnoul de Metz, Etudes de Critique Historique" "Revue Mabillon" 21, (1921) observed that chronologically and for other reasons - Arnulf was identified as a Frank in contemporary documents whereas Arnoald was identified by Paul the Deacon as a Roman "ex nobilia senatorum familia orto" - this construction was incorrect and proposed an alternative to the effect that Arnulf's father was Bodegisel, based in significant part on the "Vita Gundolphi".David Humiston Kelley then proposed that Arnoaldus was likely an ancestor of the Carolingians through a daughter Itta, wife of Pepin of Landen.