 After Shepard introduced non-metric multidimensional scaling in 1962 one of the major research areas within multi-dimensional scaling (MDS) was estimation of the intrinsic dimension.The topic was also studied in information theory, pioneered by Bennet in 1965 who coined the term "intrinsic dimension" and wrote a computer program to estimate it.During the 1970s intrinsic dimensionality estimation methods were constructed that did not depend on dimensionality reductions such as MDS