 Which suggests that the Quran is talking about God's superiority over pagan idols, rather than His role in government.According to Meddeb, Quranic "commentators never forget to remind us that this verse is devoted to the powerlessness of the companion deities (pardras) that idolaters raise up next to God…"

Criticisms of Sharia law – or orthodox historical sharia law – are varied and not always in agreement.They include