 Many Jewish communities had by that time been dominated by the Reform movement, with Orthodox members forming informal groups (minyanim) to represent their interests.Following the passing of the "Austrittsgesetz", Rabbi Samson Raphael Hirsch of Frankfurt, who had campaigned for the law to be passed, declared that Orthodox Jews in Frankfurt had the duty to officially secede from the Liberal "Grossgemeinde".Bamberger visited Frankfurt, and declared that this was not mandatory.