 This was early psychological warfare.To refer to the nine strategic principles outlined above, the Mongol strategy was directed toward an objective (that "schwerpunkt" (main focus) being the morale and mental state of the opposing population) achieved through the offensive; this offensive was itself characterized by concentration of force, maneuver, surprise, and simplicity.In 1520 Niccolò Machiavelli's "Dell'arte della guerra" (Art of War) dealt with the relationship between civil and military matters and the formation of grand strategy.