 Subsequently, it was one of five cases incorporated into "Brown v. Board of Education", the landmark case in which the U.S. Supreme Court in 1954 ruled that segregated public schools were unconstitutional.In 1956, the Virginia General Assembly passed a series of laws (the Stanley plan) to implement Massive Resistance, a policy promoted by the Byrd Organization led by U.S.Senator Harry F. Byrd, to avoid compliance with the Supreme Court ruling in "Brown" and its direction to integrate public schools.