 Violent acts were commonly used for dispute resolution , and the papacy attempted to mitigate it.Historians, such as Carl Erdmann, believed that the Peace and Truce of God movements restricted conflict between Christians from the 10thcentury and the influence of these is apparent in Pope Urban II's speeches.But later historians, such as Marcus Bull, assert that the movements' effectiveness were limited and had died out completely by the time of the First Crusade.