 In Paris, she befriended Stern's cousin, the Marxist literary critic and philosopher Walter Benjamin (1892–1940) and also the Jewish philosopher Raymond Aron (1905–1983).Arendt was now an "émigré", an exile, stateless, without papers, and had turned her back on the Germany and Germans of the "Nazizeit".Her legal status was precarious and she was coping with a foreign language and culture, all of which took its toll on her mentally and physically.