 Binding of these signaling adaptors triggers activation of several signaling pathways, including NF-κB, pathways of MAPKs (mitogen-activated protein kinases) or C/EBPs pathway.Activation of these pathways results in expression and production of inflammatory cytokines such as TNFα or IL-1β, chemokines, which drive infiltration of macrophages and antimicrobial products, for example defensins and mucins.All these products contribute to the development of inflammation and elimination of various foreign pathogens.