 “"The Truly Disadvantaged"” has been a stepping stone for a great deal of research on the neighborhood effect, particularly on education, exploring the impacts of one's neighborhoods on an individual's outcome and performance in life.In more recent years neighbourhood effects have been also studied in epidemiology, gerontology, psychology, public health, and urban design.For example, Murray and colleagues have shown that older workers living in areas with higher unemployment are less likely to be in work ten years later  and retire at earlier ages.