 Circa 1020, Ibn Sīnā (980–1037) described the use of tracheal intubation in "The Canon of Medicine" to facilitate breathing.In the 12th century medical textbook "Al-Taisir", Ibn Zuhr (1091–1161) of Al-Andalus (also known as Avenzoar) provided an anatomically correct description of the tracheotomy operation.The Renaissance saw significant advances in anatomy and surgery, and surgeons became increasingly open to surgery on the trachea.