 The Irish State refutes tax haven labels as unfair criticism of its low, but legitimate, 12.5% Irish corporate tax rate, which it defends as being the "effective" tax rate ("ETR").Independent studies show that Ireland's "aggregate" effective corporate tax rate is between 2.2% to 4.5% (depending on assumptions made).This lower "aggregate" effective tax rate is consistent with the "individual" effective tax rates of US multinationals in Ireland, as well as the IP-based BEPS tools openly marketed by the main Irish tax-law firms, in the IFSC, with ETRs of 0–2.5% (see "effective tax rate").