 They showed Ireland was almost exclusively a US corporate tax haven, that US multinationals represented the largest component of the Irish economy, and that Ireland had failed to attract multinationals from "territorial" tax systems.US tax academics advocated the US switch to a "territorial" tax system in the December 2017 Tax Cuts and Jobs Act ("TCJA"), and as a result, forecast the demise of Irish BEPS tools and Ireland as a US corporate tax haven.However, by mid-2018, other tax academics, including the IMF, noted technical flaws in the TCJA had increased the attractiveness of Ireland's BEPS tools, and the CAIA BEPS tool in particular, which post-TCJA, delivered a total effective tax rate ("ETR") of 0–2.5% on profits that can be fully repatriated to the US without incurring any additional US taxation.