 These tertiary rules include


The "contra stipulatorem" rule rests on the same basis as the "contra proferentem" rule, for the stipulator (promissee) was the person responsible for couching the stipulation in whatever language she chose.These rules ‘reflect a normative commitment grounded in fairness and good faith rather than a search for the parties’ intentions’.Similarly, an interpretation putting an equitable construction on ambiguous words is favoured.