 Liu Bang himself began to favor Concubine Qi, a later concubine, to his primary empress, Lü Zhi, 
and doubted the competence of his heir Liu Ying.Even worse conflicts could occur when invaders previously observing their own rules of inheritance began to sinicize, as happened to the 10th-century Liao dynasty.Under the Ming Dynasty, the traditional Confucian principles of succession were upheld by the Hongwu Emperor's "Instructions of the Ancestor of the August Ming".