 Suppose that "L" is a variable pointing to the last node of a circular linked list (or null if the list is empty).To append "newNode" to the "end" of the list, one may do

To insert "newNode" at the "beginning" of the list, one may do

Languages that do not support any type of reference can still create links by replacing pointers with array indices.The approach is to keep an array of records, where each record has integer fields indicating the index of the next (and possibly previous) node in the array.