 Historian M. Patricia Dougherty says this process created a distance between the Church and the new monarch and enabled Catholics to develop a new understanding of church-state relationships and the source of political authority.The "Moniteur Ottoman" was a gazette written in French and first published in 1831 on the order of Mahmud II.It was the first official gazette of the Ottoman Empire, edited by Alexandre Blacque at the expense of the Sublime Porte.