 An accompanying text, issued separately, was written by Audubon and the Scottish naturalist and ornithologist William MacGillivray and published in five volumes in Edinburgh between 1831 and 1839, under the title "Ornithological Biography, or, An account of the habits of the birds of the United States of America".The additional cost of the five volumes of text brought the total cost of plates and text to about $1000.After the folio edition was completed, Audubon decided to produce a more affordable edition and employed a lithographer from Philadelphia named J. T. Bowen.