 Professor Kenneth McRoberts of York University says that the Trudeau legacy has led the "rest of Canada" to misunderstand Quebec nationalism.They resent or get angry about the federal and Quebec governments in relation to issues of language, culture and national identity.In 1991, McRoberts argued that the effect of Trudeau's policies of official bilingualism, multiculturalism, and the entrenchment of a Charter of Rights, coupled with provincial language laws in Quebec establishing "the preeminence of French within its own territory," created an appearance of Quebec having acted "in bad faith," in violation of "a contract which it had made with English Canada whereby official bilingualism would be the rule throughout the country."