 She conducted an empirical study on the discovery of high-superconductivity research and its impact on research policy (with Ulrike Felt) and increasingly on the changing relationship between science and society.In 1994 Nowotny helped coin the term “Mode 2” for a new mode of applied research focused on solving specific problems.By contrast, “Mode 1” is basic research done within disciplines, initiated by the interest of the investigator, not from external demand.