 Similar policies emerged through a mix of voluntary practices and federal and state policies in employment and education.Affirmative action as a practice was partially upheld by the Supreme Court in "Grutter v. Bollinger "(2003), while the use of racial quotas for college admissions was concurrently ruled unconstitutional by the Court in "Gratz v. Bollinger" (2003).Affirmative action is likely to give rise to controversy in American politics.