 Under his thirty-plus-year tenure, Kraków philosophy became mainly a historical discipline, alien to what was happening in the West and in Warsaw.Even before Poland regained independence at the end of World War I, her intellectual life continued to develop.This was the case particularly in Russian-ruled Warsaw, where in lieu of underground lectures and secret scholarly organizations a "Wolna Wszechnica Polska" (Free Polish University) was created in 1905 and the tireless Władysław Weryho (1868–1916) had in 1898 founded Poland's first philosophical journal, "Przegląd Filozoficzny" (The Philosophical Review), and in 1904 a Philosophical Society.