 After this retirement, his electoral machine in Niigata continued to be so strong that his daughter, Makiko Tanaka, was elected to the Diet in 1993 at the top of the five-member Niigata electoral district 3.As a result of this type of machine politics, Japan has produced the largest number of "hereditary" parliamentarians in the world.The primary cause for the emergence of clientelism was tight fiscal centralization in Japan.