 Patrick Curry argued that Tolkien felt the need for a magical cosmology incorporating polytheism and animism with Christian values like compassion and humility, to counter modernity's "war against mystery and magic".He observed that Tolkien considered magic something negative, associated with modern science and machinery, as he stated in his essay "On Fairy-Stories"; a means of "power, ... [and] domination of things and wills" that corrupts those who use it, for example, trapping Saruman in his desire for ultimate knowledge and order.Such magic contrasts with the enchantment that occurs in early drafts of his fictional elvish lands, which he saw as a form of pure art and an appreciation of the wonders of the world.