 The second group of philosophers who started off Polish philosophy in the twentieth century had an academic character.They included Władysław Heinrich (1869–1957) in Kraków, Kazimierz Twardowski (1866–1938) in Lwów, and Leon Petrażycki (1867–1931) abroad—all three, active members of the Polish Academy of Learning.Despite the considerable differences among them, they shared some basic features