 During most of the 1850s, the previously-held belief that opiate dependence and addiction (often called "the opium appetite", or, when relevant, the "morphine appetite" or "codeine appetite") was due to the drug's action on the digestive system—just like any hunger or thirst—caused doctors to opt to inject morphine rather than administer it orally, in the hope that addiction would not develop.Certainly, by c. 1870 or earlier, it was manifest that this was "not" the case and the title of earliest morphine addict as the term is currently understood is often given to Pravaz' wife, although habituation through orally ingesting the drug was known before this time, including Friedrich Sertürner and his associates, followers, wife, and dog.To some extent, it was also believed early on that bypassing the lungs would prevent opium addiction, as well as habituation to tobacco.