 Applications served by probes include solutions for inter-carrier billing, revenue loss (by-pass/phantom traffic and analysis services), fraud prevention, billing, local number portability, quality of service, surveillance (global call trace), maintenance (protocol analysis), traffic engineering (link and trunk forecasting), alarming and SS7, Sigtran and IS-41 monitoring.Passive monitoring probes provide a network and switch vendor-independent solution for network applications.Lawful interception concerns the delivery of calls and data to government approved reception centres.