 The Carthaginian officer corps held overall command of the army, although many units may have fought under their chieftains.Carthaginian forces also employed war-elephants, both within Africa and during overseas operations, including campaigns in Iberia and most famously Hannibal's invasion of Italy.These beasts were the now-extinct North African elephant ("Loxodonta" ["africana"] "pharaoensis"), probably a subspecies of the African forest elephant ("Loxodonta cyclotis"), which is smaller than the African bush elephant ("Loxodonta africana") and the Indian elephants ("elephas maximus") used by the Seleucids.