 These processes occur in response to stresses such as near-UV radiation, acid, temperature or osmotic shock, oxidative stress, and nutrient deprivation.While many key regulatory entities have been identified in these areas, the precise mechanisms by which they signal "rpoS" transcription, translation, proteolysis or activity remain largely uncharacterized.Transcription of "rpoS" in "E. coli" is mainly regulated by the chromosomal rpoSp promoter.