 These problems are addressed in predicate logic by using a variable for the problematic term, so that “X is a philosopher” can have Socrates or Plato substituted for X, illustrating that “Socrates is a philosopher” and “Plato is a philosopher” are different propositions.Similarly, “I am Spartacus” becomes “X is Spartacus” where X is replaced with terms representing the individuals Spartacus and John Smith.The example problems are therefore averted if sentences are formulated with sufficient precision that their terms have unambiguous meanings.