 Early pioneers included Luigi Russolo, Halim El-Dabh, Pierre Schaeffer, Pierre Henry, Edgard Varèse, Karlheinz Stockhausen, Ikutaro Kakehashi, King Tubby., and others who manipualted sounds using tape machines—splicing tape and changing its playback speed to alter pre-recorded samples.Pierre Schaefer was credited for inventing this method of composition, known as musique concréte, in 1948 in Paris, France.In this style of composition, existing material is manipulated to create new timbres.