 In 2018, Reporters Without Borders ranked Singapore 151 out of 180 countries in the Press Freedom Index.Most of the local media are directly or indirectly controlled by the government through shareholdings of these media entities by the state's investment arm Temasek Holdings, and are often perceived as pro-government.William Gibson's "Disneyland with the Death Penalty" described Singapore's newspapers as "essentially organs of the state", while political scientist and opposition politician James Gomez has studied the role of self-censorship in restricting expression in Singapore.