 Whenever possible, they kept their European nationality in order to be under the jurisdiction of the consular courts under the Ottoman Capitulations, rather than being treated as "dhimmis" under Islamic law.These European Jews were known as "Señores Francos" and maintained a sense of social superiority to the native Jews, both "Musta'arabi" and Sephardi.They did not form separate synagogues, but often held services of their own in private houses.