 Longshoremen were among the first to walk out, but were quickly replaced by strikebreakers who were mainly university and high school students.By the time the next strike erupted on Vancouver's waterfront, the Shipping Federation had adopted an even more rigidly anti-union policy, influenced by its recent association with counterparts in the United States, who were following what had been dubbed the American Plan.It then set out to break the union completely and establish a company union.