 Between 1917 and 1921, reflective of the turbulence in the region brought about by the Russian Civil War (and concurrent Ukrainian War of Independence), the city changed hands no fewer than sixteen times.During this period, Huliaipole was variously held by Austro-Hungarian occupation forces, the Red Army, Ukrainian nationalists, the Hetmanate, Anton Denikin's White Army and the Makhnovist Black Army, among others.City since 1938.