 From 1920 to 1948, he served as the head of the government of the Ukrainian People's Republic ("UPR") in exile.After Symon Petliura's assassination, he became the head of the Directorate of Ukraine and assumed the post of the "Chief Otaman" of the Ukrainian People's Republic Army in exile in 1926.Since that time to the time of his death, Livytskyi served as the head of state for the government of the UPR.