 Copyright collecting societies that collect royalties as part of compulsory licensing in the European Union (EU) usually hold monopolies in their respective national markets.In Germany, case law has established the so-called "", a presumption that works are managed by the Gesellschaft für musikalische Aufführungs- und mechanische Vervielfältigungsrechte (GEMA) due to its monopoly position.As such, in Germany the burden of proof is on the accused infringer that the work is not managed by GEMA.