 By 2010, findings by Svante Pääbo (Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology at Leipzig, Germany), Richard E. Green (University of California, Santa Cruz), and David Reich (Harvard Medical School), comparing the genetic material from the bones of three Neanderthals with that from five modern humans, did show a relationship between Neanderthals and modern people outside Africa.It is thought that modern humans began to inhabit Europe during the Upper Paleolithic about 40,000 years ago.Some evidence shows the spread of the Aurignacian culture.