 After 2 days in culture, the cells were stained with antibodies against nestin, β-tubulin III, and GFAP, which are markers for NSCs, neuronal cells, and astrocytes, respectively.The results provide valuable information on advantageous combinations of ECM components and growth factors as a practical method for developing a biomaterial for directing differentiation of NSCs.Currently, neurotrophic factors are being intensely studied for use in bioartificial nerve conduits because they are necessary "in vivo" for directing axon growth and regeneration.