 From the 21st century, communes with more than 10,000 inhabitants have a census every year as a result of a sample survey, unlike the other municipalities which have a real census every five years.The (2010) includes 197,611 inhabitants and the (2011) has 240,898 inhabitants.Pau is the most populous city of the Department of Pyrénées-Atlantiques, and the second of the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region after Bordeaux.