 In addition to the U.S.-Soviet cold war, the Chinese-Russian border dispute led to an increase of the numbers of transmitters aimed at the two nations, and the development of new techniques such as playing tapes backwards for reel-to-reel recorders.West Germany resumed regular shortwave broadcasts using Deutsche Welle on May 3, 1953.Its Julich transmitter site began operation in 1956, with eleven 100-kW Telefunken transmitters.