 She refers to this kind of PPGIS as "top-down", being that it is less hands on for the public, but theoretically serves the public by making adjustments for the deficiencies, and improvements in public management.A current trend with academic involvement in PPGIS, is researching existing programs, and or starting programs in order to collect data on the effectiveness of PPGIS.Elwood (2006) in "The Professional Geographer", talks in depth about the "everyday inclusions, exclusions, and contradictions of Participatory GIS research."