 During the war the ""Deutsche Volkstum"" and ""Deutschtum"", particularly in universities, again became popular, in the sense of chauvinism.In ""Deutschen Reden in schwerer Zeit"" (German Speeches in a black time), 35 Berlin professors spoke out against much degeneration and foreigners, calling the World War a ""Reinigungsbad"" and the "fountain cellar of a new culture".Gustav Röthen, for example, saw it as the mass killings of the "sacred flame, faithful to the world-historical mission of the German people against barbarism and sub-culture".