 It has been argued that the digitisation of photography undermines its "truth claim".Levinson suggests that the digitisation of photography undermines "the very reliability of the photograph as mute, unbiased witness of reality" because of the fallibility of technological manipulation and the potential for human refinement of production.Lev Manovich likewise questions the indexical identity of motion pictures, rather labelling cinema a subgenre of painting, since it is possible to digitally modify frames, generate photorealistic images entirely using 3-D computer animation, and "...to cut, bend, stretch and stitch digitised film images into something which has perfect photographic credibility, although it was never actually filmed."