 The direct and indirect relationships among attributes are specified by the binary reachability matrix (R) of order "(k,k)", where "k" is the number of attributes.To obtain the R matrix from the A matrix, Boolean addition and multiplication operations are performed on the adjacency matrix, meaning formula_2 where "n" is the integer required to reach invariance, formula_3, and "I" is the identity matrix.The R matrix for the Ratio and Algebra hierarchy is shown next.