 This included the emergence of modern science, during which developments in mathematics, physics, astronomy, biology (including human anatomy) and transformed views of society and nature.While its dates are disputed, the publication in 1543 of Nicolaus Copernicus's "De revolutionibus orbium coelestium" ("On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres") is often cited as marking the beginning of the scientific revolution, and its completion is attributed to the "grand synthesis" of Newton's 1687 "Principia".The Industrial Revolution was the transition to new manufacturing processes in the period from about 1760 to sometime between 1820 and 1840.