 While South Africa's policies were condemned by many, Chigwedere's contribution was in developing and applying methods to quantify the impact of the policies thus demonstrating the calamitous consequences of AIDS denialism.Generalized, he developed an approach for evaluating public health practice and highlighted the need to develop a framework for accountability in public health.Drawing from the analogy with medicine, he has proposed the concept of public health malpractice to capture "negligence that causes harm" as a useful first step towards accountability in public health.