 Aluminum-based composite liners can be cast in place using conventional casting techniques, including sand, permanent mold, die casting, and centrifugal casting.Copper-lead bearings used in crankshaft main-bearing caps can be replaced with lead-free aluminum- or copper-matrix composites containing graphite particles developed at UWM[6,9].Graphite is nontoxic, and the use of aluminum- and copper-graphite composite bearings as a replacement for leaded copper reduces weight.