 However, as the Byzantinist Rodolphe Guilland commented, references to a "stratopedarchēs" are rare before the 10th century, and always seem to be a different way of referring—often anachronistically—to a "magister militum", or later a thematic "stratēgos".Such references exist to emperor Jovian (), who was a general before his rise to the throne, by Theophanes the Confessor; Rusticius, a general of Leo I (), by Zonaras; Busur, an Arab commander in , by Theophanes; Krateros, a ""stratopedarchēs" of the East" who was sent to arrest Theodore Stoudites; Eudokimos, "stratopedarchēs"/"stratēgos" of Cappadocia and Charsianon under Theophilos (); and a certain Mousilikes, subordinate of the thematic "stratēgos" of Sicily.A "prōtospatharios" Constantine, whose seal mentions him as a "stratopedarchēs", cannot be further identified.