 Usoskin et al.cited references to aurorae in Chinese chronicles for AD 770 (twice), 773 and 775.They also quote a "red cross" in the sky in AD 773/4/6 from the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle; "inflamed shields" or "shields burning with a red colour" seen in the sky over Germany in AD 776 recorded in the Royal Frankish Annals; "fire in heaven" seen in Ireland in AD 772; and an apparition in Germany in AD 773 interpreted as riders on white horses.