 He then earned a Ph.D. from Yale University in 1984 with a thesis entitled "Structural Stability of Chemical Systems at Critical Regimes" in the lab of Oktay Sinanoğlu.His early published papers also list him as being associated with the Weizmann Institute of Science, Princeton University, and the University of California at San Diego.He was a senior researcher in the division of Nobel laureate Manfred Eigen at the Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry.