 Interestingly enough, studies have shown that in the absence of any natural stimulant of the immune system, like a scrape or injury, the plant has no regulatory effect on NF-kB expression.Therefore evidence indicates that the plant only with its activated secondary metabolites, cause expression of NF-kB, and other major players of the immune system like, macrophages, neutrophils, and DCs.Though results in many studies show without a doubt, an immunity role for "Echinacea purpurea" it cannot be without out certain that this is the case.