 Firstly, that all scientists' claims (""truth-claims"") should be subjected to the same 'pre-established impersonal criteria' regardless of their source ("personal or social attributes of their protagonist"), i.e.regardless of race, nationality, culture, or gender.He saw universalism as "rooted deep in the impersonal character of science", and yet also saw the institution of science itself as part of a larger social structure which, paradoxically, was "not always integrated" into societal structure and could generate friction (to the detriment of the scientific project)