 These writers had a cumulative effect, as did the ascendancy of liberalism in world powers like Britain, France and the United States.The establishment of the Republic of China in 1912 signaled the acceptance (at least in principle) of these models and the liberal values with which they identified, such as constitutionalism and the separation of powers.The writings of Liang Qichao (1873–1929) played a major role, despite his leanings to a conservative outlook in latter years.