 Evidence from the "Puranas" and similar ancient texts makes it clear that they were also known by other names, such as "Laguda", "Lakula" and "Nakula", and associated with other words meaning "black-faced", such as "Kalanana".The rise of the Kalamukhas to a position of influence coincided with the popularisation of the "agama" texts of Shaivism, and they are shown in the "Tirumandiram" as one of the six schools of thought to emerge from the "agamas".Theirs was not, however, a school based purely on the "agamas" as they also took heed of the orthodox "Śruti" and were well-versed in the Vaisheshika and Nyaya schools.