 Collier was outraged at the Americanization programs imposed by the federal Office of Indian Affairs, which was the name of the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) before 1947, because they suppressed key elements in Indian culture, many of which had deep religious roots.The BIA was supported by numerous Protestant organizations, such as the YWCA Indian Department, as well as the Indian Rights Association.Descended from the pioneers who had suffered from Indian raids, they denounced the dances as immoral and pagan.