 Attempts to report homophobic and transphobic violence to police are often met with resistance and even hostility on the part of law enforcement officers.A 2011 cross-national study by University of Chicago demonstrated that a trend of LGBT acceptance is either slowed or reversed in Russia and some other former USSR republics, a direct opposite of world trends.According to a 2018 survey, conducted by the Republican Centre for AIDS Prevention and Control and the Kazakh Ministry of Health, there were about 62,000 men who have sex with men in Kazakhstan; about 6,000 in Almaty, 3,300 in Astana, and 4,900 in Karaganda Region.