 Typically, ECD are of two types depending on the modes of device operation, namely the transmission mode and reflectance mode.In the transmission mode, the conducting electrodes are transparent and control the light intensity passing through them; this mode is used in smart-window applications.In the reflectance mode, one of the transparent conducting electrodes (TCE) is replaced with a reflective surface like aluminum, gold or silver, which controls the reflective light intensity; this mode is useful in rear-view mirrors of cars and EC display devices.