 In the late 20th century, second-wave feminist theorists argued that misogyny is both a cause and a result of patriarchal social structures.Sociologist Michael Flood has argued that "misandry lacks the systemic, trans-historic, institutionalized, and legislated antipathy of misogyny".In recent years, there has been increasing discussion in the UK of misogyny being added to the list of aggravating factors that are commonly referred to by the media as “hate crimes”.