 In 1946, the party was transformed into the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI), and the army was no longer a sector.In 1988, when Carlos Salinas de Gortari, a Harvard-trained economist, was chosen as the PRI presidential candidate, Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas, son of former President Lázaro Cárdenas, broke with the PRI ran as a coalition candidate.The 1988 elections were "the most fraudulent in Mexico's history.