 In 1943, now a major, he was arrested by the Gestapo and underwent six months of interrogation and torture in Fresnes prison before being sent to Buchenwald and, later, Mauthausen, concentration camps.He was liberated in April 1945 in a poor state of health.Though he did recover from being a "walking skeleton", his severe limp would require the use of a cane for the rest of his life.