 Some British open-air markets have been operating continuously since the 12th century.A pattern of market trading using mobile stalls under covered arcades was probably established in Italy with the open loggias of Mercato Nuovo (1547) designed and constructed by Giovanni Battista del Tasso (and funded by the Medici family); Mercato Vecchio, Florence designed by Giorgio Vasari (1567) and Loggia del Grano (1619) by architect, Giulio Parigi.Braudel and Reynold have made a systematic study of European market towns between the thirteenth and fifteenth century.