 Notably, Lu Xun published his satire "Diary of a Madman" to challenge Confucianism, Ba Jin questioned the hierarchical family structure, and Hu Shih called for writing in Vernacular Chinese instead of Literary Chinese for mass appeal.The literary journal "New Youth", edited by Chen Duxiu, promoted science and democracy.These changes, though affecting urban and upper class society, failed to reach the peasantry who remained mostly illiterate.