 The Kerner Commission's 1968 report, concluding that the nation was "moving toward two societies, one black, one white – separate and unequal," made a series of recommendations to promote racial integration and large-scale improvement in the quality of life of African-Americans.Meanwhile, by 1969, inner city riots in Chicago and other northern urban centers showed that frustration over racial discrimination was prevalent throughout the nation, and required specific, local attention.In response, local committees of lawyers were formed in 14 large cities to help combat, through volunteer action, the problems of urban poverty and racial discrimination.