 The national epic, Lāčplēsis, published in 1888 was written by Andrejs Pumpurs.In the beginning of the 20th century, mainly through the many German and Russian connections, Latvian literature had diverging movements of symbolism, decadence, and politically – socialism, Marxism, these movements went underground after the defeat of the largest national Latvian uprising the 1905 revolution – and the revenge from the tsarist regime was severe, leading to the first emigration of intellectuals from Latvia.Rainis was a poet, playwright, translator, and politician at the turn of the century; his classic plays ""Fire and Night"" (, 1905) and ""Indulis and Ārija"" (, 1911) had a profound influence on the literary Latvian language, and the ethnic symbolism he employed in his major works has been central to Latvian nationalism.