 Schrenck-Notzing admitted that on several occasions Carrière deceptively smuggled pins into the séance room.The magician Carlos María de Heredia replicated the ectoplasm of Carrière using a comb, gauze and a handkerchief.Donald West wrote that the ectoplasm of Carrière was fake and was made of cut-out paper faces from newspapers and magazines on which fold marks could sometimes be seen from the photographs.