 Landforms in the Spratly Islands group that have not been claimed by the Philippines are typically those that are closer to Vietnam.The farthest landform the Philippines claims is Ladd Reef, which is currently occupied by Vietnam.The Philippines established a municipality in the province of Palawan named Kalayaan after all the landforms found on Pag-asa island,

Between 1658 and 1700, the Sultanate of Sulu acquired the eastern part of the territory of Northern Borneo after helping the Bruneian forces settle a civil war.