 In company with Ellen Dissanayake ("Art and Intimacy", 2000), Boyd also argues that the arts provide means of creating shared social identity and help create and maintain human bonding.Dissanayake, Joseph Carroll ("Literary Darwinism" 2004), and Denis Dutton ("The Art Instinct", 2009) all argue that the arts help organize the human mind by giving emotionally and aesthetically modulated models of reality.By participating in the simulated life of other people one gains a greater understanding of the motivations of oneself and other people.