 This study found that sidestream smoke is nearly four times more toxic than mainstream smoke per metric gramme.They also found that sidestream condensate was nearly three times more toxic than mainstream smoke as well as 2–6 times more tumourigenic per gram than mainstream condensate when applied to the skin of a mouse; results also showed that sidestream smoke hinders an animal's ability to reach a weight that is considered normal.The research team concluded that the only way to protect oneself from sidestream smoke was to be in smoke-free public places and workspaces.